DNA damage refers to any alteration in the structure or sequence of DNA molecules due to various internal or external factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or reactive oxygen species. This damage can result in mutations, chromosomal abnormalities, and ultimately lead to diseases such as cancer. Research in this area focuses on understanding the mechanisms of DNA damage, its repair processes, and the implications for human health. Scientists study different types of DNA damage, such as single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, and base modifications, to develop strategies for preventing or repairing DNA damage and reducing the risk of genetic disorders and cancer.